1 DeVita VT, Serpick AA, Carbone PP. Combination chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin’s disease. Ann Intern Med 1970;73:889e895.
2 Lowenbraun S, DeVita VT, Serpick AA. Combination chemotherapy with nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone in lymphosarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma. Cancer 1970;25:1018e1025.
3 Einhorn LH, Donohue JP. Improved chemotherapy in disseminated testicular cancer. J Urol 1977;117:65e69.
4 Bonadonna G, Brusamolino E, Valagussa P, et al. Combination chemotherapy as an adjunct treatment in operable breast cancer.N Engl J Med 1976;294:405e410.
5 Braverman AS. Medical oncology in the 1990s. Lancet 1991;337:901e902.
6 Kearsley JH. Cytotoxic chemotherapy for common adult malignancies:‘‘the emperor’s new clothes’’ revisited. BMJ 1986;293:871e876.
7 Weissman DE, O’Donnell J, Brady A. A cry from the fringe [letter].J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1006.
8 Tannock IF. Conventional cancer therapy: promise broken or promise delayed? Lancet 1998;351(suppl II):9e16.
9 Slater S. Non-curative chemotherapy for cancer d is it worth it? Clin Med 2001;1:220e222.
10 Verweij J, de Jonge MJA. Achievements and future of chemotherapy.Eur J Cancer 2000;36:1479e1487.
11 Messori A, Vaiani M, Trippoli S, Rigacci L, Jerkeman M, Longo G.Survival in patients with intermediate or high grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: meta-analysis of randomised studies comparing third generation regimens with CHOP. Br J Cancer 2001;84:303e307.
12 The International Collaborative Ovarian Neoplasm (ICON) Group.Paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus standard chemotherapy with either single-agent carboplatin or cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and cisplatin in women with ovarian cancer: the ICON3 randomised trial. Lancet 2002;360:505e515.
13 Breathnach OS, Freidlin B, Conley B, et al. Twenty-two years of phase III trials for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: sobering results. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1734e1742.
14 Carney DN, Hansen HH. Non-small cell lung cancer d stalemate or progress [editorial] N Engl J Med 2000;343:1261e1263.
15 Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Polychemotherapy for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials.Lancet 1998;352:930e942.
16 Dube S, Heyen F, Jenicek M. Adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal carcinoma: results of a meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40: 35e41.
17 Pignon JP. Chemotherapy added to locoregional treatment for head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma: three meta-analyses of updated individual data. MACH-NC Collaborative Group. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy on head and neck cancer. Lancet 2000;355:949e955.
18 Crown J. A ‘bureausceptic’ view of cancer drug rationing [commentary]. Lancet 2001;358:1660.
19 Cassidy J, Bridgewater J, Mainwaring P, Steward W, Wasan H. Is the NICE process flawed [letter]? Lancet 2002;359:2119e2120.
20 Garattini S, Bertele V. Efficacy, safety, and cost of new anticancer drugs. BMJ 2002;325:269e271.
21 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) and Australasian Association of Cancer Registries (AACR). Cancer in Australia 1998: AIHW cat. no. CAN 12. Cancer series no. 17. Canberra: AIHW; 2001. http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications.
22 Cancer Statistics Branch NCI. SEER Cancer Incidence Public-use Database 1973e1998. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute; 2000.
23 South Australian Cancer Registry. Epidemiology of cancer in South Australia. Incidence, mortality and survival 1997 to 1998. Incidence and mortality 1998. Analysed by type and geographical location.
Twenty-two years of data. Adelaide: Openbook Publishers; 1999.
24 Hill D, Jamrozik K, White V, et al. Surgical management of breast cancer in Australia in 1995. Wooloomooloo (NSW): NHMRC National Breast Cancer Centre; 1999.
25 Stell PM, Rawson NS. Adjuvant chemotherapy in head and neck cancer. Br J Cancer 1990;61:759e762.
26 Munro AJ. An overview of randomised trials of adjuvant chemotherapy in head and neck cancer. Br J Cancer 1995;71:83e91.
27 El-Sayed S. Adjuvant and adjunctive chemotherapy in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck region. A metaanalysis of prospective and randomised trials. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:
838e847.
28 Forastiere A, Goepfert H, Major M. Concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for organ preservation in advanced laryngeal cancer.N Engl J Med 2003;349:2091e2098.
29 Lin J-C, Jan J-S, Hsu C-Y, et al. Phase III study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: positive effect on overall and progression-free survival. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:631e637.
30 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) and Australasian Association of Cancer Registries (AACR). Cancer Survival in Australia 2001 Part I: National Summary Statistics (Cancer Series No 18). [http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications].
31 Malthaner R, Fenlon D. Preoperative chemotherapy for resectable thoracic oesophageal cancer (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software Ltd; 2002 Issue 4.
32 Medical Research Council Oesophageal Cancer Working Party. Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:1727e1733.
33 Malthaner R, Fenlon D. Preoperative chemotherapy for resectable thoracic eosophageal cancer (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2003 Issue 4.
34 Wong R, Malthaner R. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy (without surgery) compared with radiotherapy alone in localised carcinoma of the oesophagus (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software Ltd; 2002 Issue 4.
35 Hermans J, Bonenkamp JJ, Boon MC, Bunt AM, et al. Adjuvant therapy after curative resection for gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1441e1447.
36 Earle CC, Maroun JA. Adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection for gastric cancer in non-Asian patients: revisiting a metaanalysis of randomised trials. Eur J Cancer 1999;35:1059e1064.
37 Mari E, Floriani I, Buda A, et al. Efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection for gastric cancer: meta-analysis of published randomised trials. A study of GISCAD (Gruppo Italiano per Studio dei Carcinomi dell’Apparato Digerente). Ann Oncol 2000;11:837e843.
38 Macdonald JS, Smalley SR, Benedetti J, et al. Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N Engl J Med 2001;345:
725e730.
39 Estes NC, Macdonald JS, Touijer K, et al. Inadequate documentation and resection for gastric cancer in the United States. A preliminary report. Am Surg 1998;64:680e685.
40 Wanebo H, Kennedy BJ, Chmiel J, et al. Cancer of the stomach: a patient care study by the American College of Surgeons. Ann Surg 1993;218:583e592.
41 International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT) Investigators. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in colon cancer. Lancet 1995;345:939e944.
42 International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT B2) Investigators. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in B2 colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1356e1363.
43 Mamounas E, Wieand S, Wolmark N, et al. Comparative efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with Duke’s B versus Duke’s C colon cancer: results from four National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and
Bowel Project adjuvant studies (C-01, C-02, C-03 and C-04). J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1349e1355.
558 CLINICAL ONCOLOGY
44 Hoverman JR. The logic of evidence [letter]. J Clin Oncol 2000;18: 942.
45 Harrington DP. The tea leaves of small trials [editorial]. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1336.
46 Liver Infusion Meta-analysis Group. Portal vein chemotherapy for colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of 4000 patients in 10 studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:497e505.
47 Krook JE, Moertel CG, Mayer RJ, et al. Effective surgical adjuvant therapy of high-risk rectal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1991;324: 709e715.
48 Fisher B, Wolmark N, Rockette H, et al. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for rectal cancer: results from NSABP Protocol R-01. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988;80:21e29.
49 Wolmark N, Wieand HS, Hyams DM, et al. Randomised trial of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy for carcinoma of rectum: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project R-02. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:388e396.
50 UKCCCR Anal Cancer Trial Working Party. Epidermoid anal cancer: results from the UKCCCR randomised trail of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin. Lancet 1996;348: 1049e1054.
51 Bartelink H, Roelofsen F, Eschwege F, et al. Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced anal cancer: results of a phase III randomised trial of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2040e2049.
52 Berlin JD, Catalano P, Thomas JP, Kugler JW, Haller DG, Benson AB III. Phase III study of gemcitabine in combination with fluorouracil versus gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial E2297. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:3270e3275.
53 Lassen UJ, Osterlind K, Hansen M, et al. Long-term survival in smallcell lung cancer: posttreatment characteristics in patients surviving 5 to 18C years d an analysis of 1,714 consecutive patients. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:1215e1220.
54 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. Chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from 52 randomised clinical trials. BMJ 1995;311:
899e909.
55 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group: Chemotherapy for non-small lung cancer (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software Ltd; 2002 Issue 4.
56 Pritchard RS, Anthony SP. Chemotherapy plus radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced,unresectable non-small lung cancer. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:723e729.
57 Teirney JF. Adjuvant chemotherapy for soft-tissue sarcoma: review and meta-analysis of the published results of randomised trials. Br J Cancer 1995;72:469e475.
58 Sarcoma Meta-Analysis Collaboration. Adjuvant chemotherapy for localised soft-tissue sarcoma of adults: meta-analysis of individual data. Lancet 1997;350:1647e1654.
59 Sarcoma Meta-analysis Collaboration (SMAC). Adjuvant chemotherapy for localised resectable soft tissue sarcomas in adults (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software Ltd; 2002
Issue 4.
60 International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG). Endocrine responsiveness and tailoring adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal lymph node-negative breast cancer: a randomised trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1054e1065.
61 Green JA, Kirwan JM, Tierney JF, et al. Survival and recurrence after concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for cancer of the uterine cervix: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2001;358: 781e786.
62 Green J, Kirwan J, Tierney J, et al. Concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer of the uterine cervix (Cochrane Review).The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software Ltd; 2002 Issue 4.
63 Ovarian Cancer Meta-Analysis Project. Cyclophosphamide plus cisplatin versus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and cisplatin chemotherapy of ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 1991;9: 1668e1674.
64 Advanced Ovarian Cancer Trialists Group. Chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer: an overview of randomised trials. BMJ 1991;303:884e893.
65 Williams CJ, Stewart L, Parmar M, et al. Meta-analysis of the role of platinum compounds in advanced ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 1992; 19(suppl 2):120e128.
66 West RJ, Zweig SF. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy regimens for ovarian carcinoma: a reassessment of cisplatin, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin versus cisplatin and cyclophosphamide. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1997;18:343e348.
67 Advanced Ovarian Trialists’ Group. Chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer: four systematic meta-analysis of individual patient data from 37 randomised trials. Br J Cancer 1998;78:1479e1487.
68 Advanced Ovarian Cancer Trialists’ Group. Chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library.Oxford: Update Software Ltd; 2002 Issue 4.
69 The ICON Collaborators. ICON2: randomised trail of single-agent carboplatin against three-drug combination of CAP (cyclophosphamide,doxorubicin and cisplatin) in women with ovarian cancer.Lancet 1998;352:1571e1576.
70 Tattersall MHN, Swanson CE, Solomon HJ. Long-term survival with advanced ovarian cancer: an analysis of 5-year survivors in the Australian trial comparing combination versus sequential chlorambucil and cisplatin therapy. Gynaecol Oncol 1992;47:292e297.
71 Morgan GW, Leong T, Berg D. Management of seminoma of testis: recommendations based on treatment results. Aust NZ J Surg 1997;67: 15e20.
72 Advanced Bladder Cancer Overview Collaboration. Does neoadjuvant cis-platinum based chemotherapy improve the survival of patients with locally advanced bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised clinical trials. Br J Urol 1995;75:206e213.
73 Advanced Bladder Cancer Overview Collaboration. Neoadjuvant cisplatin for advanced bladder cancer (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software Ltd; 2002 Issue 4.
74 International Collaboration of Trialists. Neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;354:533e540.
75 Grossman HB, Natale RB, Tangen CM, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:859e866.
76 Advanced Bladder Cancer (ABC) Meta-analysis Collaboration.Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2003;361:1927e1934.
77 Fine HA. Meta-analysis of radiation therapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy for malignant gliomas in adults. Cancer 1993;71: 2585e2597.
78 Graham PH. Meta-analysis of radiation therapy with and without adjuvant chemotherapy for malignant gliomas in adults [letter]. Cancer 1993;72:3367.
79 Huncharek M. Multi-drug versus single agent chemotherapy for high grade astrocytoma; results of a met-analysis. Anticancer Res 1998;18:
4693e4697.
80 Glioma Meta-analysis Trialists (GMT) Group. Chemotherapy in adult high-grade glioma (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library.Oxford: Update Software Ltd; 2002 Issue 4.
81 Woods RL, Fox RM, Tattersall MHN, Levi J, Brodie GN. Metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary site: a randomised study of two combination-chemotherapy regimens. N Engl J Med 1980;303:87e89.
82 Dowell JE, Garrett AM, Shyr Y, et al. A randomised phase II trial in patients with carcinoma of an unknown primary site. Cancer 2001;91: 592e597.
83 Specht L, Gray RG, Clarke MJ, Peto R. Influence of more extensive radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy on long-term outcome in early-stage Hodgkin’s disease: a meta-analysis of 23 randomised trials involving 3,888 patients. International Hodgkin’s disease collaborative group. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:830e843.
84 Loeffler M, Brosteanu O, Hasenclever D, et al. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy versus combined modality treatment trials in Hodgkin’s disease. International database on Hodgkin’s disease overview study group. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:818e829.
85 Myeloma Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Combination chemotherapy versus melphalan plus prednisone as treatment for multiple myeloma: an overview of 6,633 patients from 27 randomised trials. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:3832e3842.
86 Lister-Sharp D, McDonagh MS, Khan KS, Kleijnen J. A rapid and systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the taxanes used in the treatment of advanced breast and ovarian cancer. Health Technol Assess 2000;4(17).
87 Bagnall A-M, Forbes C, Lewis R, Golder S, Riemsma R, Kleijnen J. An update of a rapid and systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the taxanes used in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. National Institute for Clinical Excellence Assessment Report 55. http://www.nice.org.UK/pdf/55_Paclitaxel_ovarianreview_Assessmentreport.pdf.
88 Lyngstadaas A. Primary treatment of ovarian cancer. Oslo: The Norwegian Centre for Health Assessment Technology (SMM); 2003.
89 Choo C, Studts JL, Abell T, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: how presentation of recurrence risk influences decisionmaking.J Clin Oncol 2003;21:4299e4305.
90 Wieand HS. Is relative risk reduction a useful measure for patients or families who must choose a method of treatment [editorial]? J Clin Oncol 2003;21:4263e4264.
91 Simes RJ, Coates AS. Patient preferences for adjuvant chemotherapy of early breast cancer: how much benefit is needed? J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2001;30:146e152.
92 Silvestri G, Pritchard R, Welch G. Preferences for chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: descriptive study based on scripted interviews. BMJ 1998;317:771e775.
93 Editorial. Stem-cell transplantation for high-risk breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:80e82.
94 Taratarone A, Romano G, Galasso R, et al. Should we continue to study high-dose chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer patients? A critical review of the published data. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003;31:130e136.
95 Meinardi MT, van der Graaf WTA, van Veldhuisen DJ, Gietema JA, de Vries GE, Sleijfer D. Detection of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Cancer Treat Rep 1999;25:237e247.
96 Tchen N, Juffs HG, Downie FP, et al. Cognitive function, fatigue, and menopausal symptoms in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:4175e4183.
97 Rose DP, Davis TE. Ovarian function in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Lancet 1997;2:1174e1176.
98 Goodwin PJ. Reversible ovarian ablation or chemotherapy: are we ready for quality of life to guide adjuvant treatment decisions in breast cancer [editorial]? J Clin Oncol 2003;21:4474e4475.
99 Doyle C, Crump M, Pinitilie M, Oza AM. Does palliative care palliate? Evaluation of expectations, outcomes, and costs in women receiving chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol2001;19:1266e1274.
100 Ramirez AJ, Towlson KE, Leaning MS, Richards MA, Rubens R. Do patients with advanced breast cancer benefit from chemotherapy? Br J Cancer 1998;78:1479e1487.
101 Cooper RG. Combination chemotherapy in hormone resistant breast cancer [abstract]. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1969;10:15.
102 Edelsteyn GA, Macrae ED. Cyclical combination chemotherapy in advanced carcinoma of breast. Br J Cancer 1973;28:459e461.
103 Stockler M, Wilcken NR, Ghersi D, Simes RJ. Systematic reviews of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy in metastatic breast cancer.Cancer Treat Rev 2000;26:151e168.
104 Fossati R, Confalonieri C, Torri V, et al. Cytotoxic and hormonal treatment for metastatic breast cancer: a systematic review of published randomised trials involving 31,510 women. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:3439e3460.
105 Bernhard J, Cella DF, Coates AS, et al. Missing quality of life data in cancer clinical trials: serious problems and challenges. Stat Med 1998; 17:517e532.
106 Chvetzoff G, Tannock IF. Placebo effects in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:19e29.
107 Hrobjartsson A, Gotzsche PC. Is the placebo powerless? N Engl J Med 2001;344:1594e1602.
108 Therasse P. Measuring the clinical response. What does it mean? Eur J Cancer 2002;38:1817e1823.
109 Thiesse P, Ollivier L, Di Stefano-Louineau D, et al. Response rate accuracy in oncology trials: reasons for interobserver variability. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:3507e3514.
110 Pharmaceutical Benefits Pricing Authority Annual Report for the year ending 30 June 2001. Table 6a Significant Drug Groups d 12 months to end June, sorted by highest Government cost 2000e2001: pp 36,37.http://health.gov.au/pbs/pricing/pbparpt.htm.
2 Lowenbraun S, DeVita VT, Serpick AA. Combination chemotherapy with nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone in lymphosarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma. Cancer 1970;25:1018e1025.
3 Einhorn LH, Donohue JP. Improved chemotherapy in disseminated testicular cancer. J Urol 1977;117:65e69.
4 Bonadonna G, Brusamolino E, Valagussa P, et al. Combination chemotherapy as an adjunct treatment in operable breast cancer.N Engl J Med 1976;294:405e410.
5 Braverman AS. Medical oncology in the 1990s. Lancet 1991;337:901e902.
6 Kearsley JH. Cytotoxic chemotherapy for common adult malignancies:‘‘the emperor’s new clothes’’ revisited. BMJ 1986;293:871e876.
7 Weissman DE, O’Donnell J, Brady A. A cry from the fringe [letter].J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1006.
8 Tannock IF. Conventional cancer therapy: promise broken or promise delayed? Lancet 1998;351(suppl II):9e16.
9 Slater S. Non-curative chemotherapy for cancer d is it worth it? Clin Med 2001;1:220e222.
10 Verweij J, de Jonge MJA. Achievements and future of chemotherapy.Eur J Cancer 2000;36:1479e1487.
11 Messori A, Vaiani M, Trippoli S, Rigacci L, Jerkeman M, Longo G.Survival in patients with intermediate or high grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: meta-analysis of randomised studies comparing third generation regimens with CHOP. Br J Cancer 2001;84:303e307.
12 The International Collaborative Ovarian Neoplasm (ICON) Group.Paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus standard chemotherapy with either single-agent carboplatin or cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and cisplatin in women with ovarian cancer: the ICON3 randomised trial. Lancet 2002;360:505e515.
13 Breathnach OS, Freidlin B, Conley B, et al. Twenty-two years of phase III trials for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: sobering results. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1734e1742.
14 Carney DN, Hansen HH. Non-small cell lung cancer d stalemate or progress [editorial] N Engl J Med 2000;343:1261e1263.
15 Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Polychemotherapy for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials.Lancet 1998;352:930e942.
16 Dube S, Heyen F, Jenicek M. Adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal carcinoma: results of a meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40: 35e41.
17 Pignon JP. Chemotherapy added to locoregional treatment for head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma: three meta-analyses of updated individual data. MACH-NC Collaborative Group. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy on head and neck cancer. Lancet 2000;355:949e955.
18 Crown J. A ‘bureausceptic’ view of cancer drug rationing [commentary]. Lancet 2001;358:1660.
19 Cassidy J, Bridgewater J, Mainwaring P, Steward W, Wasan H. Is the NICE process flawed [letter]? Lancet 2002;359:2119e2120.
20 Garattini S, Bertele V. Efficacy, safety, and cost of new anticancer drugs. BMJ 2002;325:269e271.
21 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) and Australasian Association of Cancer Registries (AACR). Cancer in Australia 1998: AIHW cat. no. CAN 12. Cancer series no. 17. Canberra: AIHW; 2001. http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications.
22 Cancer Statistics Branch NCI. SEER Cancer Incidence Public-use Database 1973e1998. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute; 2000.
23 South Australian Cancer Registry. Epidemiology of cancer in South Australia. Incidence, mortality and survival 1997 to 1998. Incidence and mortality 1998. Analysed by type and geographical location.
Twenty-two years of data. Adelaide: Openbook Publishers; 1999.
24 Hill D, Jamrozik K, White V, et al. Surgical management of breast cancer in Australia in 1995. Wooloomooloo (NSW): NHMRC National Breast Cancer Centre; 1999.
25 Stell PM, Rawson NS. Adjuvant chemotherapy in head and neck cancer. Br J Cancer 1990;61:759e762.
26 Munro AJ. An overview of randomised trials of adjuvant chemotherapy in head and neck cancer. Br J Cancer 1995;71:83e91.
27 El-Sayed S. Adjuvant and adjunctive chemotherapy in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck region. A metaanalysis of prospective and randomised trials. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:
838e847.
28 Forastiere A, Goepfert H, Major M. Concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for organ preservation in advanced laryngeal cancer.N Engl J Med 2003;349:2091e2098.
29 Lin J-C, Jan J-S, Hsu C-Y, et al. Phase III study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: positive effect on overall and progression-free survival. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:631e637.
30 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) and Australasian Association of Cancer Registries (AACR). Cancer Survival in Australia 2001 Part I: National Summary Statistics (Cancer Series No 18). [http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications].
31 Malthaner R, Fenlon D. Preoperative chemotherapy for resectable thoracic oesophageal cancer (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software Ltd; 2002 Issue 4.
32 Medical Research Council Oesophageal Cancer Working Party. Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:1727e1733.
33 Malthaner R, Fenlon D. Preoperative chemotherapy for resectable thoracic eosophageal cancer (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2003 Issue 4.
34 Wong R, Malthaner R. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy (without surgery) compared with radiotherapy alone in localised carcinoma of the oesophagus (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software Ltd; 2002 Issue 4.
35 Hermans J, Bonenkamp JJ, Boon MC, Bunt AM, et al. Adjuvant therapy after curative resection for gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1441e1447.
36 Earle CC, Maroun JA. Adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection for gastric cancer in non-Asian patients: revisiting a metaanalysis of randomised trials. Eur J Cancer 1999;35:1059e1064.
37 Mari E, Floriani I, Buda A, et al. Efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection for gastric cancer: meta-analysis of published randomised trials. A study of GISCAD (Gruppo Italiano per Studio dei Carcinomi dell’Apparato Digerente). Ann Oncol 2000;11:837e843.
38 Macdonald JS, Smalley SR, Benedetti J, et al. Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N Engl J Med 2001;345:
725e730.
39 Estes NC, Macdonald JS, Touijer K, et al. Inadequate documentation and resection for gastric cancer in the United States. A preliminary report. Am Surg 1998;64:680e685.
40 Wanebo H, Kennedy BJ, Chmiel J, et al. Cancer of the stomach: a patient care study by the American College of Surgeons. Ann Surg 1993;218:583e592.
41 International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT) Investigators. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in colon cancer. Lancet 1995;345:939e944.
42 International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT B2) Investigators. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in B2 colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1356e1363.
43 Mamounas E, Wieand S, Wolmark N, et al. Comparative efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with Duke’s B versus Duke’s C colon cancer: results from four National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and
Bowel Project adjuvant studies (C-01, C-02, C-03 and C-04). J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1349e1355.
558 CLINICAL ONCOLOGY
44 Hoverman JR. The logic of evidence [letter]. J Clin Oncol 2000;18: 942.
45 Harrington DP. The tea leaves of small trials [editorial]. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1336.
46 Liver Infusion Meta-analysis Group. Portal vein chemotherapy for colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of 4000 patients in 10 studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:497e505.
47 Krook JE, Moertel CG, Mayer RJ, et al. Effective surgical adjuvant therapy of high-risk rectal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1991;324: 709e715.
48 Fisher B, Wolmark N, Rockette H, et al. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for rectal cancer: results from NSABP Protocol R-01. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988;80:21e29.
49 Wolmark N, Wieand HS, Hyams DM, et al. Randomised trial of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy for carcinoma of rectum: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project R-02. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:388e396.
50 UKCCCR Anal Cancer Trial Working Party. Epidermoid anal cancer: results from the UKCCCR randomised trail of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin. Lancet 1996;348: 1049e1054.
51 Bartelink H, Roelofsen F, Eschwege F, et al. Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced anal cancer: results of a phase III randomised trial of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2040e2049.
52 Berlin JD, Catalano P, Thomas JP, Kugler JW, Haller DG, Benson AB III. Phase III study of gemcitabine in combination with fluorouracil versus gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial E2297. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:3270e3275.
53 Lassen UJ, Osterlind K, Hansen M, et al. Long-term survival in smallcell lung cancer: posttreatment characteristics in patients surviving 5 to 18C years d an analysis of 1,714 consecutive patients. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:1215e1220.
54 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. Chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from 52 randomised clinical trials. BMJ 1995;311:
899e909.
55 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group: Chemotherapy for non-small lung cancer (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software Ltd; 2002 Issue 4.
56 Pritchard RS, Anthony SP. Chemotherapy plus radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced,unresectable non-small lung cancer. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:723e729.
57 Teirney JF. Adjuvant chemotherapy for soft-tissue sarcoma: review and meta-analysis of the published results of randomised trials. Br J Cancer 1995;72:469e475.
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